selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver

Classes

WebDriver([options, service, keep_alive])

Controls the ChromeDriver and allows you to drive the browser.

class selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver(options: Options | None = None, service: Service | None = None, keep_alive: bool = True)

Controls the ChromeDriver and allows you to drive the browser.

Creates a new instance of the chrome driver. Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.

Args:

• options - this takes an instance of ChromeOptions

• service - Service object for handling the browser driver if you need to pass extra details

• keep_alive - Whether to configure ChromeRemoteConnection to use HTTP keep-alive.

add_cookie(cookie_dict) → None

Adds a cookie to your current session.

Parameters:

cookie_dictdict

• A dictionary object, with required keys - “name” and “value”;

• Optional keys - “path”, “domain”, “secure”, “httpOnly”, “expiry”, “sameSite”

Examples:

>>> driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
>>> driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar", "path": "/"})
>>> driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar", "path": "/", "secure": True})
>>> driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar", "sameSite": "Strict"})

add_credential(credential: Credential) → None

Injects a credential into the authenticator.

Example:

>>> from selenium.webdriver.common.credential import Credential
>>> credential = Credential(id="user@example.com", password="aPassword")
>>> driver.add_credential(credential)

add_virtual_authenticator(options: VirtualAuthenticatorOptions) → None

Adds a virtual authenticator with the given options.

Example:

>>> from selenium.webdriver.common.virtual_authenticator import VirtualAuthenticatorOptions
>>> options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions(protocol="u2f", transport="usb", device_id="myDevice123")
>>> driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)

back() → None

Goes one step backward in the browser history.

Example:

>>> driver.back()

bidi_connection()

property browser

Returns a browser module object for BiDi browser commands.

Returns:

Browser: an object containing access to BiDi browser commands.

Examples:

>>> user_context = driver.browser.create_user_context()
>>> user_contexts = driver.browser.get_user_contexts()
>>> client_windows = driver.browser.get_client_windows()
>>> driver.browser.remove_user_context(user_context)

property browsing_context

Returns a browsing context module object for BiDi browsing context commands.

Returns:

BrowsingContext: an object containing access to BiDi browsing context commands.

Examples:

>>> context_id = driver.browsing_context.create(type="tab")
>>> driver.browsing_context.navigate(context=context_id, url="https://www.selenium.dev")
>>> driver.browsing_context.capture_screenshot(context=context_id)
>>> driver.browsing_context.close(context_id)

property capabilities: dict

Returns the drivers current capabilities being used.

Example:

>>> print(driver.capabilities)

close() → None

Closes the current window.

Example:

>>> driver.close()

create_web_element(element_id: str) → WebElement

Creates a web element with the specified element_id.

property current_url: str

Gets the URL of the current page.

Example:

>>> print(driver.current_url)

property current_window_handle: str

Returns the handle of the current window.

Example:

>>> print(driver.current_window_handle)

delete_all_cookies() → None

Delete all cookies in the scope of the session.

Example:

>>> driver.delete_all_cookies()

delete_cookie(name) → None

Deletes a single cookie with the given name. Raises ValueError if the name is empty or whitespace.

Example:

>>> driver.delete_cookie("my_cookie")

delete_downloadable_files() → None

Deletes all downloadable files.

Example:

>>> driver.delete_downloadable_files()

delete_network_conditions() → None

Resets Chromium network emulation settings.

property dialog

Returns the FedCM dialog object for interaction.

Example:

>>> dialog = driver.dialog

download_file(*args, **kwargs)

Downloads a file with the specified file name to the target directory.

Parameters:

file_namestr

• The name of the file to download.

target_directorystr

• The path to the directory to save the downloaded file.

Example:

>>> driver.download_file("example.zip", "/path/to/directory")

execute(driver_command: str, params: dict[str, Any] | None = None) → dict[str, Any]

Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.

Parameters:

driver_commandstr

• The name of the command to execute as a string.

paramsdict

• A dictionary of named Parameters to send with the command.

Returns:

dict - The command’s JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.

execute_async_script(script: str, *args)

Asynchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.

Parameters:

scriptstr

• The javascript to execute.

*argstuple

• Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.

Example:

>>> script = "var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1]; "
...     "window.setTimeout(function(){ callback('timeout') }, 3000);"
>>> driver.execute_async_script(script)

execute_cdp_cmd(cmd: str, cmd_args: dict)

Execute Chrome Devtools Protocol command and get returned result The command and command args should follow chrome devtools protocol domains/commands, refer to link https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/

Args:

• cmd: A str, command name

• cmd_args: A dict, command args. empty dict {} if there is no command args

Usage:

driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.getResponseBody', {'requestId': requestId})

Returns:

A dict, empty dict {} if there is no result to return. For example to getResponseBody: {‘base64Encoded’: False, ‘body’: ‘response body string’}

execute_script(script: str, *args)

Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.

Parameters:

scriptstr

• The javascript to execute.

*argstuple

• Any applicable arguments for your JavaScript.

Example:

>>> input_id = "username"
>>> input_value = "test_user"
>>> driver.execute_script("document.getElementById(arguments[0]).value = arguments[1];", input_id, input_value)

property fedcm: FedCM

Returns the Federated Credential Management (FedCM) dialog object for interaction.

Returns:

FedCM: an object providing access to all Federated Credential Management (FedCM) dialog commands.

Examples:

>>> title = driver.fedcm.title
>>> subtitle = driver.fedcm.subtitle
>>> dialog_type = driver.fedcm.dialog_type
>>> accounts = driver.fedcm.account_list
>>> driver.fedcm.select_account(0)
>>> driver.fedcm.accept()
>>> driver.fedcm.dismiss()
>>> driver.fedcm.enable_delay()
>>> driver.fedcm.disable_delay()
>>> driver.fedcm.reset_cooldown()

fedcm_dialog(timeout=5, poll_frequency=0.5, ignored_exceptions=None)

Waits for and returns the FedCM dialog.

Parameters:

timeoutint

• How long to wait for the dialog

poll_frequencyfloatHow

• Frequently to poll

ignored_exceptionsAny

• Exceptions to ignore while waiting

Returns:

The FedCM dialog object if found

Raises:

TimeoutException if dialog doesn’t appear WebDriverException if FedCM not supported

property file_detector: FileDetector

file_detector_context(file_detector_class, *args, **kwargs)

Overrides the current file detector (if necessary) in limited context. Ensures the original file detector is set afterwards.

Parameters:

file_detector_classobject

• Class of the desired file detector. If the class is different

from the current file_detector, then the class is instantiated with args and kwargs and used as a file detector during the duration of the context manager.

argstuple

• Optional arguments that get passed to the file detector class during instantiation.

kwargsdict

• Keyword arguments, passed the same way as args.

Example:

>>> with webdriver.file_detector_context(UselessFileDetector):
>>>    someinput.send_keys('/etc/hosts')

find_element(by='id', value: str | None = None) → WebElement

Find an element given a By strategy and locator.

Parameters:

byselenium.webdriver.common.by.By

The locating strategy to use. Default is By.ID. Supported values include: - By.ID: Locate by element ID. - By.NAME: Locate by the name attribute. - By.XPATH: Locate by an XPath expression. - By.CSS_SELECTOR: Locate by a CSS selector. - By.CLASS_NAME: Locate by the class attribute. - By.TAG_NAME: Locate by the tag name (e.g., “input”, “button”). - By.LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by its exact text. - By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by partial text match. - RelativeBy: Locate elements relative to a specified root element.

Example:

element = driver.find_element(By.ID, ‘foo’)

Returns:

WebElement

The first matching WebElement found on the page.

find_elements(by='id', value: str | None = None) → list[WebElement]

Find elements given a By strategy and locator.

Parameters:

byselenium.webdriver.common.by.By

The locating strategy to use. Default is By.ID. Supported values include: - By.ID: Locate by element ID. - By.NAME: Locate by the name attribute. - By.XPATH: Locate by an XPath expression. - By.CSS_SELECTOR: Locate by a CSS selector. - By.CLASS_NAME: Locate by the class attribute. - By.TAG_NAME: Locate by the tag name (e.g., “input”, “button”). - By.LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by its exact text. - By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT: Locate a link element by partial text match. - RelativeBy: Locate elements relative to a specified root element.

Example:

element = driver.find_elements(By.ID, ‘foo’)

Returns:

List[WebElement]

list of WebElements matching locator strategy found on the page.

forward() → None

Goes one step forward in the browser history.

Example:

>>> driver.forward()

fullscreen_window() → None

Invokes the window manager-specific ‘full screen’ operation.

Example:

>>> driver.fullscreen_window()

get(url: str) → None

Navigate the browser to the specified URL in the current window or tab.

The method does not return until the page is fully loaded (i.e. the onload event has fired).

Parameters:

urlstr

• The URL to be opened by the browser.

• Must include the protocol (e.g., http://, https://).

Example:

>>> driver = webdriver.Chrome()
>>> driver.get("https://example.com")

get_cookie(name) → dict | None

Get a single cookie by name. Raises ValueError if the name is empty or whitespace. Returns the cookie if found, None if not.

Example:

>>> cookie = driver.get_cookie("my_cookie")

get_cookies() → list[dict]

Returns a set of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current session.

Returns:

cookies:List[dict] : A list of dictionaries, corresponding to cookies visible in the current

Example:

>>> cookies = driver.get_cookies()

get_credentials() → list[Credential]

Returns the list of credentials owned by the authenticator.

Example:

>>> credentials = driver.get_credentials()

get_downloadable_files(*args, **kwargs)

Retrieves the downloadable files as a list of file names.

Example:

>>> files = driver.get_downloadable_files()

get_issue_message()

Returns:

An error message when there is any issue in a Cast

session.

get_log(log_type)

Gets the log for a given log type.

Parameters:

log_typestr

• Type of log that which will be returned

Example:

>>> driver.get_log("browser")
>>> driver.get_log("driver")
>>> driver.get_log("client")
>>> driver.get_log("server")

get_network_conditions()

Gets Chromium network emulation settings.

Returns:

A dict. For example: {‘latency’: 4, ‘download_throughput’: 2, ‘upload_throughput’: 2, ‘offline’: False}

get_pinned_scripts() → list[str]

Return a list of all pinned scripts.

Example:

>>> pinned_scripts = driver.get_pinned_scripts()

get_screenshot_as_base64() → str

Gets the screenshot of the current window as a base64 encoded string which is useful in embedded images in HTML.

Example:

>>> driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()

get_screenshot_as_file(filename) → bool

Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.

Parameters:

filenamestr

• The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This

• should end with a .png extension.

Example:

>>> driver.get_screenshot_as_file("/Screenshots/foo.png")

get_screenshot_as_png() → bytes

Gets the screenshot of the current window as a binary data.

Example:

>>> driver.get_screenshot_as_png()

get_sinks() → list

Returns:

A list of sinks available for Cast.

get_window_position(windowHandle='current') → dict

Gets the x,y position of the current window.

Example:

>>> driver.get_window_position()

get_window_rect() → dict

Gets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window.

Example:

>>> driver.get_window_rect()

get_window_size(windowHandle: str = 'current') → dict

Gets the width and height of the current window.

Example:

>>> driver.get_window_size()

implicitly_wait(time_to_wait: float) → None

Sets a sticky timeout to implicitly wait for an element to be found, or a command to complete. This method only needs to be called one time per session. To set the timeout for calls to execute_async_script, see set_script_timeout.

Parameters:

time_to_waitfloat

• Amount of time to wait (in seconds)

Example:

>>> driver.implicitly_wait(30)

launch_app(id)

Launches Chromium app specified by id.

property log_types

Gets a list of the available log types.

Example:

>>> driver.log_types

maximize_window() → None

Maximizes the current window that webdriver is using.

Example:

>>> driver.maximize_window()

minimize_window() → None

Invokes the window manager-specific ‘minimize’ operation.

property mobile: Mobile

property name: str

Returns the name of the underlying browser for this instance.

Example:

>>> name = driver.name

property network

property orientation

Gets the current orientation of the device.

Example:

>>> orientation = driver.orientation

property page_source: str

Gets the source of the current page.

Example:

>>> print(driver.page_source)

property permissions

Returns a permissions module object for BiDi permissions commands.

Returns:

Permissions: an object containing access to BiDi permissions commands.

Examples:

>>> from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.permissions import PermissionDescriptor, PermissionState
>>> descriptor = PermissionDescriptor("geolocation")
>>> driver.permissions.set_permission(descriptor, PermissionState.GRANTED, "https://example.com")

pin_script(script: str, script_key=None) → ScriptKey

Store common javascript scripts to be executed later by a unique hashable ID.

Example:

>>> script = "return document.getElementById('foo').value"

print_page(print_options: PrintOptions | None = None) → str

Takes PDF of the current page.

The driver makes a best effort to return a PDF based on the provided Parameters.

Example:

>>> driver.print_page()

quit() → None

Closes the browser and shuts down the ChromiumDriver executable.

refresh() → None

Refreshes the current page.

Example:

>>> driver.refresh()

remove_all_credentials() → None

Removes all credentials from the authenticator.

Example:

>>> driver.remove_all_credentials()

remove_credential(credential_id: str | bytearray) → None

Removes a credential from the authenticator.

Example:

>>> credential_id = "user@example.com"
>>> driver.remove_credential(credential_id)

remove_virtual_authenticator() → None

Removes a previously added virtual authenticator.

The authenticator is no longer valid after removal, so no methods may be called.

Example:

>>> driver.remove_virtual_authenticator()

save_screenshot(filename) → bool

Saves a screenshot of the current window to a PNG image file. Returns False if there is any IOError, else returns True. Use full paths in your filename.

Parameters:

filenamestr

• The full path you wish to save your screenshot to. This

• should end with a .png extension.

Example:

>>> driver.save_screenshot("/Screenshots/foo.png")

property script

set_network_conditions(**network_conditions) → None

Sets Chromium network emulation settings.

Args:

• network_conditions: A dict with conditions specification.

Usage:

driver.set_network_conditions(
    offline=False,
    latency=5,  # additional latency (ms)
    download_throughput=500 * 1024,  # maximal throughput
    upload_throughput=500 * 1024,
)  # maximal throughput

Note: ‘throughput’ can be used to set both (for download and upload).

set_page_load_timeout(time_to_wait: float) → None

Set the amount of time to wait for a page load to complete before throwing an error.

Parameters:

time_to_waitfloat

• The amount of time to wait (in seconds)

Example:

>>> driver.set_page_load_timeout(30)

set_permissions(name: str, value: str) → None

Sets Applicable Permission.

Args:

• name: The item to set the permission on.

• value: The value to set on the item

Usage:

driver.set_permissions("clipboard-read", "denied")

set_script_timeout(time_to_wait: float) → None

Set the amount of time that the script should wait during an execute_async_script call before throwing an error.

Parameters:

time_to_waitfloat

• The amount of time to wait (in seconds)

Example:

>>> driver.set_script_timeout(30)

set_sink_to_use(sink_name: str) → dict

Sets a specific sink, using its name, as a Cast session receiver target.

Args:

• sink_name: Name of the sink to use as the target.

set_user_verified(verified: bool) → None

Sets whether the authenticator will simulate success or fail on user verification.

Parameters:

verified: True if the authenticator will pass user verification, False otherwise.

Example:

>>> driver.set_user_verified(True)

set_window_position(x: float, y: float, windowHandle: str = 'current') → dict

Sets the x,y position of the current window. (window.moveTo)

Parameters:

xfloat

• The x-coordinate in pixels to set the window position

yfloat

• The y-coordinate in pixels to set the window position

Example:

>>> driver.set_window_position(0, 0)

set_window_rect(x=None, y=None, width=None, height=None) → dict

Sets the x, y coordinates of the window as well as height and width of the current window. This method is only supported for W3C compatible browsers; other browsers should use set_window_position and set_window_size.

Example:

>>> driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10)
>>> driver.set_window_rect(width=100, height=200)
>>> driver.set_window_rect(x=10, y=10, width=100, height=200)

set_window_size(width, height, windowHandle: str = 'current') → None

Sets the width and height of the current window. (window.resizeTo)

Parameters:

widthint

• the width in pixels to set the window to

heightint

• the height in pixels to set the window to

Example:

>>> driver.set_window_size(800, 600)

start_client()

Called before starting a new session.

This method may be overridden to define custom startup behavior.

start_desktop_mirroring(sink_name: str) → dict

Starts a desktop mirroring session on a specific receiver target.

Args:

• sink_name: Name of the sink to use as the target.

start_devtools()

start_session(capabilities: dict) → None

Creates a new session with the desired capabilities.

Parameters:

capabilitiesdict

• A capabilities dict to start the session with.

start_tab_mirroring(sink_name: str) → dict

Starts a tab mirroring session on a specific receiver target.

Args:

• sink_name: Name of the sink to use as the target.

stop_casting(sink_name: str) → dict

Stops the existing Cast session on a specific receiver target.

Args:

• sink_name: Name of the sink to stop the Cast session.

stop_client()

Called after executing a quit command.

This method may be overridden to define custom shutdown behavior.

property storage

Returns a storage module object for BiDi storage commands.

Returns:

Storage: an object containing access to BiDi storage commands.

Examples:

>>> cookie_filter = CookieFilter(name="example")
>>> result = driver.storage.get_cookies(filter=cookie_filter)
>>> driver.storage.set_cookie(cookie=PartialCookie(
        "name", BytesValue(BytesValue.TYPE_STRING, "value"), "domain")
    )
>>> driver.storage.delete_cookies(filter=CookieFilter(name="example"))

property supports_fedcm: bool

Returns whether the browser supports FedCM capabilities.

Example:

>>> print(driver.supports_fedcm)

property switch_to: SwitchTo

Return an object containing all options to switch focus into.

Returns:

SwitchTo: an object containing all options to switch focus into.

Examples:

>>> element = driver.switch_to.active_element
>>> alert = driver.switch_to.alert
>>> driver.switch_to.default_content()
>>> driver.switch_to.frame("frame_name")
>>> driver.switch_to.frame(1)
>>> driver.switch_to.frame(driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")[0])
>>> driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
>>> driver.switch_to.window("main")

property timeouts: Timeouts

Get all the timeouts that have been set on the current session.

Returns:

Timeouts: A named tuple with the following fields:

• implicit_wait: The time to wait for elements to be found.

• page_load: The time to wait for a page to load.

• script: The time to wait for scripts to execute.

Example:

>>> driver.timeouts

property title: str

Returns the title of the current page.

Example:

>>> element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "foo")
>>> print(element.title())

unpin(script_key: ScriptKey) → None

Remove a pinned script from storage.

Example:

>>> driver.unpin(script_key)

property virtual_authenticator_id: str | None

Returns the id of the virtual authenticator.

Example:

>>> print(driver.virtual_authenticator_id)

property webextension

Returns a webextension module object for BiDi webextension commands.

Returns:

WebExtension: an object containing access to BiDi webextension commands.

Examples:

>>> extension_path = "/path/to/extension"
>>> extension_result = driver.webextension.install(path=extension_path)
>>> driver.webextension.uninstall(extension_result)

property window_handles: list[str]

Returns the handles of all windows within the current session.

Example:

>>> print(driver.window_handles)