升级到Selenium 4

对Selenium 4感兴趣? 查看本指南, 它将帮助您升级到最新版本!

如果您使用的是官方支持的语言 (Ruby、JavaScript、C#、Python和Java), 那么升级到Selenium 4应该是一个轻松的过程. 在某些情况下可能会出现一些问题, 本指南将帮助您解决这些问题. 我们将完成升级项目依赖项的步骤, 并了解版本升级带来的主要反对意见和更改.

请按照以下步骤升级到Selenium 4:

准备我们的测试代码
升级依赖
潜在错误和弃用消息

注意：在开发Selenium 3.x版本的同时, 实现了对W3C WebDriver标准的支持. 此新协议和遗留JSON Wire协议均受支持. 在3.11版前后, Selenium代码与W3C 1级规范兼容. 最新版本的Selenium 3中的W3C兼容代码将在Selenium 4中正常工作.

准备测试代码

Selenium 4 移除了对遗留协议的支持, 并在底层实现上默认使用 W3C WebDriver 标准.
对于大多数情况, 这种实现不会影响终端用户.
主要的例外是 Capabilities 和 Actions 类.

Capabilities

如果测试capabilities的结构不符合 W3C标准, 可能会导致会话无法正常开启.
以下是 W3C WebDriver 标准capabilities列表:

browserName
browserVersion (替代 version)
platformName (替代 platform)
acceptInsecureCerts
pageLoadStrategy
proxy
timeouts
unhandledPromptBehavior

可以在以下位置找到标准capabilities的最新列表 W3C WebDriver.

上面列表中未包含的任何capability, 都需要包含供应商前缀. 这适用于浏览器特定capability 以及云供应商特定capability. 例如, 如果您的云供应商为您的测试使用 build 和 name capability, 您需要将它们包装在一个 cloud: options 块中 (请与您的云供应商联系以获取适当的前缀).

Before

DesiredCapabilities caps = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
caps.setCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
caps.setCapability("version", "92");
caps.setCapability("build", myTestBuild);
caps.setCapability("name", myTestName);
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(cloudUrl), caps);

caps = {};
caps['browserName'] = 'Firefox';
caps['platform'] = 'Windows 10';
caps['version'] = '92';
caps['build'] = myTestBuild;
caps['name'] = myTestName;

DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();
caps.SetCapability("browserName", "firefox");
caps.SetCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
caps.SetCapability("version", "92");
caps.SetCapability("build", myTestBuild);
caps.SetCapability("name", myTestName);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri(CloudURL), caps);

caps = Selenium: : WebDriver: : Remote: : Capabilities.firefox
caps[: platform] = 'Windows 10'
caps[: version] = '92'
caps[: build] = my_test_build
caps[: name] = my_test_name
driver = Selenium: : WebDriver.for : remote, url:  cloud_url, desired_capabilities:  caps

caps = {}
caps['browserName'] = 'firefox'
caps['platform'] = 'Windows 10'
caps['version'] = '92'
caps['build'] = my_test_build
caps['name'] = my_test_name
driver = webdriver.Remote(cloud_url, desired_capabilities=caps)

After

FirefoxOptions browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10");
browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("92");
Map<String, Object> cloudOptions = new HashMap<>();
cloudOptions.put("build", myTestBuild);
cloudOptions.put("name", myTestName);
browserOptions.setCapability("cloud: options", cloudOptions);
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(cloudUrl), browserOptions);

capabilities = {
  browserName:  'firefox',
  browserVersion:  '92',
  platformName:  'Windows 10',
  'cloud: options':  {
     build:  myTestBuild,
     name:  myTestName,
  }
}

var browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "92";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
cloudOptions.Add("build", myTestBuild);
cloudOptions.Add("name", myTestName);
browserOptions.AddAdditionalOption("cloud: options", cloudOptions);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri(CloudURL), browserOptions);

  




  




  













  
  
  

  
  
  

  
  
    
    
    
    
    
    
  

  <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-rb" data-lang="rb"><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">options</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#000">Selenium</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">::</span><span style="color:#000">WebDriver</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">::</span><span style="color:#000">Options</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">firefox</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">options</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">platform_name</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#4e9a06">&#39;Windows 10&#39;</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">options</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">browser_version</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#4e9a06">&#39;latest&#39;</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">cloud_options</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">{}</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">cloud_options</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">[</span><span style="color:#4e9a06">:build</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">]</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#000">my_test_build</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">cloud_options</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">[</span><span style="color:#4e9a06">:name</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">]</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#000">my_test_name</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">options</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">add_option</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">(</span><span style="color:#4e9a06">&#39;cloud:options&#39;</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">,</span> <span style="color:#000">cloud_options</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">driver</span> <span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">=</span> <span style="color:#000">Selenium</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">::</span><span style="color:#000">WebDriver</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">for</span> <span style="color:#4e9a06">:remote</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">,</span> <span style="color:#4e9a06">capabilities</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">:</span> <span style="color:#000">options</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">driver</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">get</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">(</span><span style="color:#4e9a06">&#39;https://www.google.com&#39;</span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">)</span>
</span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>      <span style="color:#000">driver</span><span style="color:#ce5c00;font-weight:bold">.</span><span style="color:#000">quit</span></span></span></code></pre></div>

  <div class="text-end pb-2">
    <a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/blob/trunk/examples/ruby/spec/drivers/options_spec.rb#L37-L46" target="_blank">
      <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt pl-2"></i>
        <strong>View full example on GitHub</strong>
    </a>
  </div>

from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options as FirefoxOptions
options = FirefoxOptions()
options.browser_version = '92'
options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'
cloud_options = {}
cloud_options['build'] = my_test_build
cloud_options['name'] = my_test_name
options.set_capability('cloud: options', cloud_options)
driver = webdriver.Remote(cloud_url, options=options)

在 Java 中查找元素工具方法

在 Java 绑定(FindsBy 接口)中查找元素的工具方法已被删除因为它们仅供内部使用.
以下代码示例更好地解释了这一点.

使用 findElement* 查找单个元素

Before


driver.findElementByClassName("className");
driver.findElementByCssSelector(".className");
driver.findElementById("elementId");
driver.findElementByLinkText("linkText");
driver.findElementByName("elementName");
driver.findElementByPartialLinkText("partialText");
driver.findElementByTagName("elementTagName");
driver.findElementByXPath("xPath");

After


driver.findElement(By.className("className"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".className"));
driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
driver.findElement(By.linkText("linkText"));
driver.findElement(By.name("elementName"));
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("partialText"));
driver.findElement(By.tagName("elementTagName"));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xPath"));

使用 findElements* 查找多个元素

Before


driver.findElementsByClassName("className");
driver.findElementsByCssSelector(".className");
driver.findElementsById("elementId");
driver.findElementsByLinkText("linkText");
driver.findElementsByName("elementName");
driver.findElementsByPartialLinkText("partialText");
driver.findElementsByTagName("elementTagName");
driver.findElementsByXPath("xPath");

After


driver.findElements(By.className("className"));
driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".className"));
driver.findElements(By.id("elementId"));
driver.findElements(By.linkText("linkText"));
driver.findElements(By.name("elementName"));
driver.findElements(By.partialLinkText("partialText"));
driver.findElements(By.tagName("elementTagName"));
driver.findElements(By.xpath("xPath"));

升级依赖

检查下面的小节以安装 Selenium 4 并升级您的项目依赖项.

Java

升级 Selenium 的过程取决于所使用的构建工具.
我们将涵盖Java 中最常见的 Maven 和 Gradle .
所需的最低 Java 版本仍然是 8.

Maven

Before


<dependencies>
  <!-- more dependencies ... -->
  <dependency>
    <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
    <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
    <version>3.141.59</version>
  </dependency>
  <!-- more dependencies ... -->
</dependencies>

After


<dependencies>
    <!-- more dependencies ... -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
        <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
        <version>4.4.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- more dependencies ... -->
</dependencies>

进行更改后, 您可以在pom.xml 文件的同一目录中执行 mvn clean compile .

Gradle

Before


plugins {
    id 'java'
}
group 'org.example'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
    testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter: junit-jupiter-api: 5.7.0'
    testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter: junit-jupiter-engine: 5.7.0'
    implementation group:  'org.seleniumhq.selenium', name:  'selenium-java', version:  '3.141.59'
}
test {
    useJUnitPlatform()
}

After


plugins {
    id 'java'
}
group 'org.example'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
    testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter: junit-jupiter-api: 5.7.0'
    testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter: junit-jupiter-engine: 5.7.0'
    implementation group:  'org.seleniumhq.selenium', name:  'selenium-java', version:  '4.4.0'
}
test {
    useJUnitPlatform()
}

进行更改后, 您可以在 build.gradle 文件所在的同一目录中执行./gradlew clean build .

要检查所有 Java 版本, 您可以前往 MVNRepository .

C#

在 C# 中获取 Selenium 4 更新的地方是 NuGet .
在下面包 Selenium.WebDriver 你可以获得更新到最新版本的说明.
在 Visual Studio 内部, 您可以通过 NuGet 包管理器执行：

PM> Install-Package Selenium.WebDriver -Version 4.4.0

Python

使用 Python 的最重要变化是所需的最低版本. Selenium 4 将至少需要 Python 3.7 或更高版本.
更多详细信息可以在 Python 包索引 .
基于命令行做升级的话, 你可以执行:

pip install selenium==4.4.3

Ruby

Selenium 4 的更新细节可以在RubyGems中的gem发现 selenium-webdriver .
要安装最新版本, 您可以执行:

gem install selenium-webdriver

将以下内容添加到你的Gemfile:

gem 'selenium-webdriver', '~> 4.4.0'

JavaScript

可以在 Node 包管理器中找到 selenium-webdriver 包, npmjs .
Selenium 4 可以在这里找到.
要安装, 你可以执行:

npm install selenium-webdriver

或者, 更新你的 package.json 并运行 npm install :

{
  "name":  "selenium-tests",
  "version":  "1.0.0",
  "dependencies":  {
    "selenium-webdriver":  "^4.4.0"
  }
}

潜在错误和弃用消息

这是一组代码示例, 它们将有助于克服您升级到 Selenium 4 后可能会遇到的弃用消息.

Java

等待和超时

Timeout 中接收到的参数已经从期望 (long time, TimeUnit unit) 切换到期待 (Duration duration) .

Before


driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.manage().timeouts().setScriptTimeout(2, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

After


driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

等待现在也期望不同的参数. WebDriverWait 现在期待一个 Duration 而不是以秒和毫秒为单位的 long 超时. FluentWait 的工具方法 withTimeout 和 pollingEvery 已经从期望 (long time, TimeUnit unit) 切换到期待(Duration duration) .

Before


new WebDriverWait(driver, 3)
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector("#id")));

Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
  .withTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
  .pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
  .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

After


new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3))
  .until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector("#id")));

  Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
  .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
  .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
  .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

合并capabilities不再改变调用对象

曾经可以将一组不同的capabilities合并到另一组中, 并且改变调用对象.
现在, 需要分配合并操作的结果.

Before


MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "Windows 10");
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setHeadless(true);
options.merge(capabilities);

//作为结果, `options` 对象被修改

After


MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "Windows 10");
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setHeadless(true);
options = options.merge(capabilities);

// `merge` 调用的结果需要分配给一个对象.

Firefox 遗留模式

在 GeckoDriver 出现之前, Selenium 项目有一个驱动程序实现来自动化 Firefox(版本 <48).
但是, 不再需要此实现, 因为在最新版本的 Firefox 中它不起作用.
为避免升级到 Selenium 4 时出现重大问题, setLegacy选项将显示为已弃用.
建议停止使用旧的实现并且只依赖 GeckoDriver.
以下代码将显示在升级之后弃用的 setLegacy 行.

FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setLegacy(true);

`BrowserType`

BrowserType 接口已经存在很长时间了, 但是其已变为弃用且推荐使用新的 Browser 接口.

Before


MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserVersion", "92");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", BrowserType.FIREFOX);

After


MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserVersion", "92");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", Browser.FIREFOX);

C#

`AddAdditionalCapability` 已弃用

推荐使用AddAdditionalOption替代.
以下为一个示例:

Before


var browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "latest";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
browserOptions.AddAdditionalCapability("cloud: options", cloudOptions, true);

After


var browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "latest";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
browserOptions.AddAdditionalOption("cloud: options", cloudOptions);

Python

`executable_path 已弃用, 请传递一个服务对象`

在Selenium 4中,
您需要从服务对象设置驱动程序的 可执行路径 , 以防止出现弃用警告. (或者不要设置路径, 而是确保所需的驱动程序位于系统路径上.)

Before


from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
    executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH, 
    options=options
)

After


from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
service = ChromeService(executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=options)

总结

我们已经过了升级到 Selenium 4 时要考虑的主要变化. 涵盖为升级准备测试代码时要涵盖的不同方面, 包括关于如何避免使用Selenium新版本时可能出现的潜在问题的建议.
最后, 我们还介绍了一系列您可能会遇到的升级问题, 分享这些问题的潜在修复方案.

本文最初发布于 https://saucelabs.com/resources/articles/how-to-upgrade-to-selenium-4

最后修改 April 17, 2024: Start the work for the options page (#1668) (9a54ed551b7)

Selenium Conf 2024 Call for Proposals is now open! Submissions close 30 April. Learn more & submit

升级到Selenium 4

准备测试代码

Capabilities

Before

After

在 Java 中查找元素工具方法

升级依赖

Java

Maven

Gradle

C#

Python

Ruby

JavaScript

潜在错误和弃用消息

Java

等待和超时

合并capabilities不再改变调用对象

Firefox 遗留模式

`BrowserType`

C#

`AddAdditionalCapability` 已弃用

Python

`executable_path 已弃用, 请传递一个服务对象`

总结

Selenium Level Sponsors

Support the Selenium Project

升级到Selenium 4

准备测试代码

Capabilities

Before

After

在 Java 中查找元素工具方法

升级依赖

Java

Maven

Gradle

C#

Python

Ruby

JavaScript

潜在错误和弃用消息

Java

等待和超时

合并capabilities不再改变调用对象

Firefox 遗留模式

BrowserType

C#

AddAdditionalCapability 已弃用

Python

executable_path 已弃用, 请传递一个服务对象

总结

Selenium Level Sponsors

Support the Selenium Project

`BrowserType`

`AddAdditionalCapability` 已弃用

`executable_path 已弃用, 请传递一个服务对象`