driver.Navigate().GoToUrl(@"https://selenium.dev");

    # 简便的方法
driver.get 'https://selenium.dev'

    # 更长的方法
driver.navigate.to 'https://selenium.dev'

// 简便的方法
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")

// 更长的方法
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")

driver.Navigate().Back();

driver.navigate.back

driver.navigate().back() 

driver.Navigate().Forward();

driver.navigate.forward

driver.navigate().forward()

driver.Navigate().Refresh();

driver.navigate.refresh

driver.navigate().refresh()

# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert").click()

# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
alert = wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())

# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text

# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
  

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());

//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;

//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
  

# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See an example alert').click

# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert

# Store the alert text in a variable
alert_text = alert.text

# Press on OK button
alert.accept
  

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())

//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()

//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
  

# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm").click()

# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())

# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = driver.switch_to.alert

# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text

# Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
  

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();

//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());

//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();

//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;

//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();
  

# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See a sample confirm').click

# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert

# Store the alert text in a variable
alert_text = alert.text

# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss
  

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()

//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())

//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()

//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text

//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
  

# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt").click()

# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())

# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = Alert(driver)

# Type your message
alert.send_keys("Selenium")

# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
  

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());

//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");

//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
  

# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See a sample prompt').click

# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert

# Type a message
alert.send_keys("selenium")

# Press on Ok button
alert.accept
  

//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()

//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())

//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")

//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
  

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"})
  

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace AddCookie {
 class AddCookie {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
   try {
    // Navigate to Url
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");

    // Adds the cookie into current browser context
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}
  

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  
  # Adds the cookie into current browser context
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
  driver.quit
end
  

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")

        // Adds the cookie into current browser context
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}  
  

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})

# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
  

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace GetCookieNamed {
 class GetCookieNamed {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
   try {
    // Navigate to Url
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));

    // Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
    var cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");
    System.Console.WriteLine(cookie);
   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}
  

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")

  # Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
  puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
  driver.quit
end
  

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))

        // Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
        val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
        println(cookie)
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}  
  

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})

# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies())
  

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace GetAllCookies {
 class GetAllCookies {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
   try {
    // Navigate to Url
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));

    // Get All available cookies
    var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}
  

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")

  # Get all available cookies
  puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
  driver.quit
end
  

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))

        // Get All available cookies
        val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
        println(cookies)
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}  
  

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})

# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1")
  

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace DeleteCookie {
 class DeleteCookie {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
   try {
    // Navigate to Url
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
    var cookie = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie);

    // delete a cookie with name 'test1'	
    driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");

    // Selenium .net bindings also provides a way to delete
    // cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
    driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookie(cookie);
   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}
  

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")

  # delete a cookie with name 'test1'
  driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
  driver.quit
end
  

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
        val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)

        // delete a cookie with name 'test1'
        driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
        
        // delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
        driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}  
  

from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})

#  Deletes all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()
  

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace DeleteAllCookies {
 class DeleteAllCookies {
  public static void Main(string[] args) {
   IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
   try {
    // Navigate to Url
    driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
    driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));

    // deletes all cookies
    driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();
   } finally {
    driver.Quit();
   }
  }
 }
}
  

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")

  # deletes all cookies
  driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
  driver.quit
end
  

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("https://example.com")
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
        driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))

        // deletes all cookies
        driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
}
  

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Strict'})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Lax'})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie('foo')
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie('foo1')
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)
  

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace SameSiteCookie {
  class SameSiteCookie {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");

        var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
          { "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
        var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);

        var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
          { "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
        var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);

        driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
        driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);

        System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
        System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}
  

require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome

begin
  driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
  # Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
  driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
  puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
  puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
  driver.quit
end
  

import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver

fun main() {
    val driver = ChromeDriver()
    try {
        driver.get("http://www.example.com")
        val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
        val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
        driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
        println(cookie.getSameSite())
        println(cookie1.getSameSite())
    } finally {
        driver.quit()
    }
} 
  

    # 这不会工作
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()

// 这不会工作
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();

    # 这不会工作
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click

// 这不会工作
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();

// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()

    # 存储网页元素
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")

    # 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

    # 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()

// 存储网页元素
IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#modal>iframe"));

// 切换到 frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);

// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();

    # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal> iframe')

    # 切换到 frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe

    # 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click

// 存储网页元素
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal> iframe'));

// 切换到 frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);

// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();

// 存储网页元素
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))

// 切换到 frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)

// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()

    # 通过 id 切换框架
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')

    # 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()

// 使用 ID
driver.SwitchTo().Frame("buttonframe");

// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.SwitchTo().Frame("myframe");

// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();

    # Switch by ID
driver.switch_to.frame 'buttonframe'

    # 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click

// 使用 ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');

// 或者使用 name 代替
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');

// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();

// 使用 ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")

// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")

// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()

    # 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switch_to.frame(1)

// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(1);

    # 基于索引切换到第 2 个 iframe
iframe = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]

    # 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

// 切换到第 2 个框架
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);

// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switchTo().frame(1)

    # 切回到默认内容
driver.switch_to.default_content()

// 回到顶层
driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent();

    # 回到顶层
driver.switch_to.default_content

// 回到顶层
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

// 回到顶层
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()

driver.current_window_handle

driver.CurrentWindowHandle;

driver.window_handle

await driver.getWindowHandle();

driver.windowHandle

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

    # 启动驱动程序
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # 打开网址
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")

    # 设置等待
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    # 存储原始窗口的 ID
    original_window = driver.current_window_handle

    # 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
    assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1

    # 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
    driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()

    # 等待新窗口或标签页
    wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))

    # 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
    for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
        if window_handle != original_window:
            driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
            break

    # 等待新标签页完成加载内容
    wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))

// 存储原始窗口的 ID
string originalWindow = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;

// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
Assert.AreEqual(driver.WindowHandles.Count, 1);

// 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("new window")).Click();

// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.Until(wd => wd.WindowHandles.Count == 2);

// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
foreach(string window in driver.WindowHandles)
{if(originalWindow != window)
{driver.SwitchTo().Window(window);
break;
}
}
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.Until(wd => wd.Title == "Selenium documentation");

    # 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.window_handle

    #检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1,'Expected one window')

    #点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(link:'new window').click

    #等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until {driver.window_handles.length == 2}

    #循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end

    #等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until {driver.title =='Selenium documentation'}

// 存储原始窗口的 ID
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();

// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);

// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();

// 等待新窗口或标签页
await driver.wait(async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);

// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {if (handle !== originalWindow) {await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});

// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);

// 存储原始窗口的 ID
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()

// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)

// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()

// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))

// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}

// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))

    # 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')

    # 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')

// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab)

// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window)

// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)

// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)

    #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()

    #切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)

//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.Close();

//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.SwitchTo().Window(originalWindow);

    #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close

    #切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window original_window

//关闭标签页或窗口
await driver.close();

//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);