组织和执行Selenium代码

使用IDE和Test Runner库组织Selenium的执行

如果你不仅仅只是想执行一小撮的一次性脚本,你需要能组织和安排好你的代码。这一页会启发你如何真正地使用 Selenium 代码做高效的事情。

常见用法

大部分人使用 Selenium 执行针对 Web 应用的自动化测试,但是 Selenium 其实可以支持任何场景的浏览器自动化。

重复性任务

有时候你需要往网站记录日志或者下载一些东西,或者提交一个表单,你可以在预设的时间创建一个 Selenium 脚本去执行一个服务。

网页爬虫

你是否期望从一个不提供 API 的网站收集数据?Selenium 可以满足你,但是请确保你了解该网站的服务条例,因为有些网站不允许你这样做,甚至有些网站会屏蔽 Selenium。

测试

使用 Selenium 做测试需要在 Selenium 执行操作后进行断言,所以一个好的断言类库是很有必要的。至于组织测试用例结构的一些额外特性则需要Test Runner来完成。

IDEs

不管你要用 Selenium 来做什么,没有一个好的集成开发环境,你的工作肯定不会高效。以下是一些常见的 IDE 选择:

Test Runner

即使不使用 Selenium 做测试,如果你有高级用例,使用一个 test runner 去更好地组织你的代码是很有意义的。学会使用 before/after hooks 和分组执行或者并行执行将会非常有用。

待选

有非常多不同的 test runner 可供选择。

这个教程中所有使用到 test runner 的代码示例都可以在我们的示例目录中找到(或者正在被迁移过去),而且这些示例在每一次发版都会被执行,以确保代码是正确的和最新的。下面是一份包含对应链接的 test runner 清单,其中第一项是被这个仓库和本页所有用例所使用的。

  • JUnit - A widely-used testing framework for Java-based Selenium tests.
  • TestNG - Offers extra features like parallel test execution and parameterized tests.
  • pytest - A preferred choice for many, thanks to its simplicity and powerful plugins.
  • unittest - Python’s standard library testing framework.
  • NUnit - A popular unit-testing framework for .NET.
  • MS Test - Microsoft’s own unit testing framework.
  • RSpec - The most widely used testing library for running Selenium tests in Ruby.
  • Minitest - A lightweight testing framework that comes with Ruby standard library.
  • Jest - Primarily known as a testing framework for React, it can also be used for Selenium tests.
  • Mocha - The most common JS library for running Selenium tests.

安装

安装 Selenium 类库一节中详细说明了需要哪些东西。这里的代码只展示在我们的文档示例项目中用到的示例。

Maven

Gradle

To use it in a project, add it to the requirements.txt file:

in the project’s csproj file, specify the dependency as a PackageReference in ItemGroup:

Add to project’s gemfile

In your project’s package.json, add requirement to dependencies:

断言

		String title = driver.getTitle();
		assertEquals("Web form", title);
    title = driver.title
    assert title == "Web form"
            var title = driver.Title;
            Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title);
    title = @driver.title
    expect(title).to eq('Web form')
    let title = await driver.getTitle();
    assert.equal("Web form", title);

Setting Up and Tearing Down

Set Up

	@BeforeEach
	public void setup() {
		driver = new ChromeDriver();
	}

Tear Down

	@AfterEach
	public void teardown() {
		driver.quit();
	}

Set Up

def setup():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
    return driver

Tear Down

def teardown(driver):
    driver.quit()

Set Up

  before do
    @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
  end

Tear Down

  config.after { @driver&.quit }
### Set Up
  before(async function () {
    driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
  });
### Tear Down
  after(async () => await driver.quit());

执行

Maven

mvn clean test

Gradle

gradle clean test
python first_script.py

Mocha

mocha runningTests.spec.js

npx

npx mocha runningTests.spec.js

示例

第一个脚本一节中,我们了解了 Selenium 脚本的每一个组件。这里是使用 test runner 重新组织那个脚本的一个示例:

package dev.selenium.getting_started;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;

import java.time.Duration;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class UsingSeleniumTest {

	WebDriver driver;

	@BeforeEach
	public void setup() {
		driver = new ChromeDriver();
	}

	@Test
	public void eightComponents() {

		driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
		driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");

		String title = driver.getTitle();
		assertEquals("Web form", title);

		WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
		WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));

		textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
		submitButton.click();

		WebElement message = driver.findElement(By.id("message"));
		String value = message.getText();
		assertEquals("Received!", value);

	}

	@AfterEach
	public void teardown() {
		driver.quit();
	}

}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By


def test_eight_components():
    driver = setup()

    title = driver.title
    assert title == "Web form"

    driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)

    text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
    submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")

    text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
    submit_button.click()

    message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
    value = message.text
    assert value == "Received!"

    teardown(driver)

def setup():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
    return driver

def teardown(driver):
    driver.quit()
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace SeleniumDocs.GettingStarted
{
    [TestClass]
    public class UsingSeleniumTest
    {

        [TestMethod]
        public void EightComponents()
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");

            var title = driver.Title;
            Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title);

            driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);

            var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
            var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button"));
            
            textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
            submitButton.Click();
            
            var message = driver.FindElement(By.Id("message"));
            var value = message.Text;
            Assert.AreEqual("Received!", value);
            
            driver.Quit();
        }
    }
}
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium-webdriver'


RSpec.describe 'Using Selenium' do
  before do
    @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
  end

  it 'uses eight components' do
    @driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html')

    title = @driver.title
    expect(title).to eq('Web form')

    @driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 500

    text_box = @driver.find_element(name: 'my-text')
    submit_button = @driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button')

    text_box.send_keys('Selenium')
    submit_button.click

    message = @driver.find_element(id: 'message')
    value = message.text
    expect(value).to eq('Received!')
  end
end
const {By, Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const assert = require("assert");

describe('First script', function () {
  let driver;

  before(async function () {
    driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
  });

  it('First Selenium script with mocha', async function () {
    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html');

    let title = await driver.getTitle();
    assert.equal("Web form", title);

    await driver.manage().setTimeouts({implicit: 500});

    let textBox = await driver.findElement(By.name('my-text'));
    let submitButton = await driver.findElement(By.css('button'));

    await textBox.sendKeys('Selenium');
    await submitButton.click();

    let message = await driver.findElement(By.id('message'));
    let value = await message.getText();
    assert.equal("Received!", value);
  });

  after(async () => await driver.quit());
});

下一步

使用你目前所学到的知识建立你自己的 Selenium 代码吧!

想要了解更多的功能特性,请继续阅读我们接下来的WebDriver 教程

最后修改 September 2, 2024: removed hanging badge code (#1912) (d501255fa65)