Recursos de suporte

• 1: Command Listeners
• 2: Trabalhando com cores
• 3: ThreadGuard
• 4: Trabalhando com elementos select
• 5:

1 - Command Listeners

These allow you to execute custom actions in every time specific Selenium commands are sent

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

2 - Trabalhando com cores

Ocasionalmente, você desejará validar a cor de algo como parte de seus testes; o problema é que as definições de cores na web não são constantes. Não seria bom se houvesse uma maneira fácil de comparar uma representação HEX de uma cor com uma representação RGB de uma cor, ou uma representação RGBA de uma cor com uma representação HSLA de uma cor?

Não se preocupe. Existe uma solução: a classe Color!

Em primeiro lugar, você precisará importar a classe:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
  

from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

include Selenium::WebDriver::Support
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color

Agora você pode começar a criar objetos coloridos. Cada objeto de cor precisará ser criado a partir de uma representação de string de sua cor. As representações de cores com suporte são:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

private final Color HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)");
private final Color HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)");
private final Color HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)");
  

HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
  

// Essa funcionalidade não está implementada - Nos ajude enviando um PR implementando essa funcionalidade
  

private val HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8")
private val RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)")
private val RGB_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)")
private val HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)")
private val HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)")
  

A classe Color também suporta todas as definições de cores básicas especificadas em http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4.

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

private final Color BLACK = Color.fromString("black");
private final Color CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate");
private final Color HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink");
  

BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
  

// Essa funcionalidade não está implementada - Nos ajude enviando um PR implementando essa funcionalidade
  

private val BLACK = Color.fromString("black")
private val CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate")
private val HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink")
  

Às vezes, os navegadores retornam um valor de cor “transparent” se nenhuma cor foi definida em um elemento. A classe Color também oferece suporte para isso:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

private final Color TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent");
  

TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
  

// Essa funcionalidade não está implementada - Nos ajude enviando um PR implementando essa funcionalidade
  

private val TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent")
  

Agora você pode consultar com segurança um elemento para obter sua cor / cor de fundo sabendo que qualquer resposta será analisada corretamente e convertido em um objeto Color válido:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

Color loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"));

Color loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"));
  

login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('color'))

login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('background-color'))
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('color'))

login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('background-color'))
  

// Essa funcionalidade não está implementada - Nos ajude enviando um PR implementando essa funcionalidade
  

val loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"))

val loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"))
  

Você pode então comparar diretamente os objetos coloridos:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK);
  

assert login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

assert(login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK)
  

// Essa funcionalidade não está implementada - Nos ajude enviando um PR implementando essa funcionalidade
  

assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK))
  

Ou você pode converter a cor em um dos seguintes formatos e realizar uma validação estática:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)");
  

assert login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)'
  

// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
  

assert(login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)')
  

// Essa funcionalidade não está implementada - Nos ajude enviando um PR implementando essa funcionalidade
  

assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)"))
  

As cores não são mais um problema.

3 - ThreadGuard

ThreadGuard verifica se um driver é chamado apenas da mesma thread que o criou. Problemas de threading, especialmente durante a execução de testes em paralelo, podem ter erros misteriosos e difíceis de diagnosticar. Usar este wrapper evita esta categoria de erros e gerará uma exceção quando isso acontecer.

O exemplo a seguir simula um conflito de threads:

public class DriverClash {
  //thread main (id 1) criou este driver
  private WebDriver protectedDriver = ThreadGuard.protect(new ChromeDriver()); 

  static {
    System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<Set path to your Chromedriver>");
  }
  
  //Thread-1 (id 24) está chamando o mesmo driver causando o conflito
  Runnable r1 = () -> {protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};
  Thread thr1 = new Thread(r1);
   
  void runThreads(){
    thr1.start();
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    new DriverClash().runThreads();
  }
}

O resultado mostrado abaixo:

Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour

Conforme visto no exemplo:

• protectedDriver será criado no tópico principal
• Usamos Java Runnable para ativar um novo processo e uma nova Thread para executar o processo
• Ambas as Threads entrarão em conflito porque a thread principal não tem protectedDriver em sua memória.
• ThreadGuard.protect lançará uma exceção.

Nota:

Isso não substitui a necessidade de usar ThreadLocal para gerenciar drivers durante a execução em paralelo.

4 - Trabalhando com elementos select

The Select object will now give you a series of commands that allow you to interact with a <select> element.

If you are using Java or .NET make sure that you’ve properly required the support package in your code. See the full code from GitHub in any of the examples below.

Note that this class only works for HTML elements select and option. It is possible to design drop-downs with JavaScript overlays using div or li, and this class will not work for those.

Types

Select methods may behave differently depending on which type of <select> element is being worked with.

Single select

This is the standard drop-down object where one and only one option may be selected.

<select name="selectomatic">
    <option selected="selected" id="non_multi_option" value="one">One</option>
    <option value="two">Two</option>
    <option value="four">Four</option>
    <option value="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option>
</select>

Multiple select

This select list allows selecting and deselecting more than one option at a time. This only applies to <select> elements with the multiple attribute.

<select name="multi" id="multi" multiple="multiple">
    <option selected="selected" value="eggs">Eggs</option>
    <option value="ham">Ham</option>
    <option selected="selected" value="sausages">Sausages</option>
    <option value="onion gravy">Onion gravy</option>
</select>

Create class

First locate a <select> element, then use it to initialize a Select object. Note that as of Selenium 4.5, you can’t create a Select object if the <select> element is disabled.

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        WebElement selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"));
        Select select = new Select(selectElement);

    select_element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'selectomatic')
    select = Select(select_element)

            var selectElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("selectomatic"));
            var select = new SelectElement(selectElement);

    select_element = driver.find_element(name: 'selectomatic')
    select = Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(select_element)

      const selectElement = await driver.findElement(By.name('selectomatic'))
      const select = new Select(selectElement)

    val selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"))
    val select = Select(selectElement)

List options

There are two lists that can be obtained:

All options

Get a list of all options in the <select> element:

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        List<WebElement> optionList = select.getOptions();

    option_list = select.options

            IList<IWebElement> optionList = select.Options;

    option_list = select.options

      const optionList = await select.getOptions()

    val optionList = select.getOptions()

Selected options

Get a list of selected options in the <select> element. For a standard select list this will only be a list with one element, for a multiple select list it can contain zero or many elements.

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        List<WebElement> selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions();

    selected_option_list = select.all_selected_options

            IList<IWebElement> selectedOptionList = select.AllSelectedOptions;

    selected_option_list = select.selected_options

      const selectedOptionList = await select.getAllSelectedOptions()

    val selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions()

Select option

The Select class provides three ways to select an option. Note that for multiple select type Select lists, you can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.

Text

Select the option based on its visible text

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        select.selectByVisibleText("Four");

    select.select_by_visible_text('Four')

            select.SelectByText("Four");

    select.select_by(:text, 'Four')

      await select.selectByVisibleText('Four')

    select.selectByVisibleText("Four")

Value

Select the option based on its value attribute

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        select.selectByValue("two");

    select.select_by_value('two')

            select.SelectByValue("two");

    select.select_by(:value, 'two')

      await select.selectByValue('two')

    select.selectByValue("two")

Index

Select the option based on its position in the list

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        select.selectByIndex(3);

    select.select_by_index(3)

            select.SelectByIndex(3);

    select.select_by(:index, 3)

      await select.selectByIndex(3)

    select.selectByIndex(3)

Disabled options

Selenium v4.5

Options with a disabled attribute may not be selected.

    <select name="single_disabled">
      <option id="sinlge_disabled_1" value="enabled">Enabled</option>
      <option id="sinlge_disabled_2" value="disabled" disabled="disabled">Disabled</option>
    </select>

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
            select.selectByValue("disabled");
        });

    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
        select.select_by_value('disabled')

            Assert.ThrowsException<InvalidOperationException>(() => select.SelectByValue("disabled"));

    expect {
      select.select_by(:value, 'disabled')
    }.to raise_exception(Selenium::WebDriver::Error::UnsupportedOperationError)

      await assert.rejects(async () => {
        await select.selectByValue("disabled")
      }, {
        name: 'UnsupportedOperationError',

    Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException::class.java) {
      select.selectByValue("disabled")
    }

De-select option

Only multiple select type select lists can have options de-selected. You can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin

        select.deselectByValue("eggs");

    select.deselect_by_value('eggs')

            select.DeselectByValue("eggs");

    select.deselect_by(:value, 'eggs')

      await select.deselectByValue('eggs')

    select.deselectByValue("eggs")

5 -

expected_conditions.ja.md— title: “Waiting with Expected Conditions” linkTitle: “Expected Conditions” weight: 1 description: > These are classes used to describe what needs to be waited for.

Expected Conditions are used with Explicit Waits. Instead of defining the block of code to be executed with a lambda, an expected conditions method can be created to represent common things that get waited on. Some methods take locators as arguments, others take elements as arguments.

These methods can include conditions such as:

• element exists
• element is stale
• element is visible
• text is visible
• title contains specified value

• Java
• Python
• CSharp
• Ruby
• JavaScript
• Kotlin